Global Opposition to Neoliberalism Essay

Through the Internet, a movement began to develop in opposition to the doctrines of neoliberalism which were widely manifested in the 1990s when the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) proposed liberalisation of cross-border investment and trade restrictions through its Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). This treaty was prematurely exposed to public scrutiny and subsequently abandoned in November 1998 in the face of strenuous protest and criticism by national and international civil society representatives. Neoliberal doctrine argued that untrammeled free trade and reduction of public-sector regulation would bring benefits to poor countries and to disadvantaged people in rich countries. Anti-globalization advocates urge that preservation of the natural environment, human rights (especially workplace rights and conditions) and democratic institutions are likely to be placed at undue risk by globalization unless mandatory standards are attached to liberalisation. Noam Chomsky stated in 2002 that The term â€Å"globalization† has been appropriated by the powerful to refer to a specific form of international economic integration, one based on investor rights, with the interests of people incidental. That is why the business press, in its more honest moments, refers to the â€Å"free trade agreements† as â€Å"free investment agreements† (Wall St. Journal). Accordingly, advocates of other forms of globalization are described as â€Å"anti-globalization†; and some, unfortunately, even accept this term, though it is a term of propaganda that should be dismissed with ridicule. No sane person is opposed to globalization, that is, international integration. Surely not the left and the workers movements, which were founded on the principle of international solidarity—that is, globalization in a form that attends to the rights of people, not private power systems.

Is Development Determined in the Womb? Essay

Introduction Lifecycle or lifespan development is the field in psychology that studies how people change with time. These changes could be biological, including body changes and motor skills; cognitive, including thought and language; and psychosocial, including emotions, personality and relationships with other people. Life cycle development starts in the womb at conception and continues throughout the individual’s life. Other important stages of development are; birth, infancy, adolescence, adulthood, old age and finally death. Though some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by how the fetus develops in the womb, the genes one receives from his/her parents interact with the environmental factors after the individual is born such as the food one eats, parenting, experiences, friends, family relationships, culture and school. All this help us understand the influences that help contribute to growth and development. Our genes are the bio-chemical units of heredity that make ea ch of us a distinctive human being. The genes we share make us people rather than dogs or tulips. But might our individual genetic make-ups explain why one person is outgoing, another is shy, or why one person is slow-witted while another is smart? Some developmental psychologists focus on explaining how our genetic background can determine not only how we look, but also how we behave, how we relate to others i.e. matters of personality. These professionals explore ways to identify how much of our potential as human beings is provided or limited by heredity. In this article we’ll take a closer look at how biological influences (genes) help shape individual development. We’ll learn more about how genetic disorders can impact one’s psychology and development and also how our experiences interact with genetics. Lastly we’ll learn on ways to take care of a child while in the womb and after to ensure they reach their maximum genetic potential. How Biological Influences Determine Development. Development begins at that moment when chromosomes in the sperm and ovum join together in the fallopian tubes to form 23 pairs in an entirely new cell called a zygote. Chromosomes are composed of molecules of DNA containing the genes. Genes are pieces of genetic material that control or influence traits. It is these genes that will guide cell activity for the rest of the individual’s life. A gene controlling some specific characteristic always appear in the same place (the locus) on the same chromosome in every individual of the same species. For example, the locus of the gene that determines whether a person’s blood is type A, B or O is on chromosome 9. Genes also determine the nature and function of every cell in the body. For instance, they determine which cells will ultimately become part of the heart and which will become part of the muscles of the leg. It is the genes that establish how different parts of the body will function; how rapidly the heart will beat, or how much strength a muscle will have. The genetic instructions passed down from both parents’ influence how an individual develops and the traits they will have. Combinations of genes from the father in the sperm and from the mother in the ovum create a unique genetic blueprint the genotype- all of the genes that a person has inherited-that characterizes that specific individual. The actual expressions of those genes that can be identified by directly observing the individual is the phenotype. The phenotype can include physical traits, such as height and color of the eyes, as well as non-physical traits such as shyness, a high strung temperament or a thirst for adventure. Whether or not a gene is expressed depends on two different things: the interaction of the gene with other genes and the continual interaction between the genotype and the environment. The simplest genetic rule is the dominant-recessive pattern in which a single dominant gene strongly influences phenotype. If a child receives a single dominant gene, for a trait from one parent, the child’s phenotype will include the trait determined by that gene. In contrast, a child’s phenotype will include a recessive trait only if she inherits a recessive gene from both parents. Eye color is one example of dominant-recessive genes at work. The gene for brown eyes is dominant and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. If one parent hands down a dominant brown eye gene while the other parent hands down a recessive blue eye gene, the dominant gene will win out and the child will have brown eyes. A person’s sex is also determined in the womb. An individual inherits 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty- two of these pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes, contain most of the genetic information controlling highly individual characteristics like hair color, height, body shape, temperament, aspects of intelligence and also all those characteristics shared by all members of our species, such as pattern of physical development. The twenty-third pair, the sex chromosomes, determines the child’s sex. One of the two sex chromosomes, the X chromosome, is one of the largest chromosomes in the body and carries a large number of genes. The other, Y chromosome, is quite small and contains only a few genes. Zygotes containing two X chromosome i.e. XX develops into female and zygote containing one X and one Y chromosome i.e. XY develops into male. Genetic Disorders. Though development in the womb usually produces a normal infant, genetic instructions are not infallible and can go off track at times. Sometimes when a sperm or ovum is formed, the number of chromosomes may divide unevenly, causing the organism to have more or less than the normal 23 chromosomes. When one of these abnormal cells joins with a normal cell, the resulting zygote will have an uneven number of chromosomes. In every case, the result is some type of syndrome with a set of distinguishing characteristics. For example, Down Syndrome in this case, the child has three chromosomes at the site of the 21st chromosomes instead of the normal two. This can result to mental retardation and abnormal physical development. How Interaction Between The Genes And The Environment Determine Development. Although genes play an important role in human development, they alone do not determine who we are. It is important to note that the environment an individual is exposed to both in womb and throughout the rest of his or her life can also impact how the genes are expressed. For example, exposure to harmful drugs while in womb can have a dramatic impact on later child development. Exposure to teratogens, which are noxious substances or other factors that can disrupt prenatal development can prevent the individual from reaching his or her inherited potential. For example, prenatal exposure to X rays can disrupt the migration of brain cells, causing mental retardation (Schull, Norton, & Jensh, 1990). Environmental factors such as the food we eat, the air we breathe, the physical and social contexts we experience, our relationships and our continual ongoing interactions at work, at home and at play are necessary for a person to develop well. Heredity and environment work together to produce person’s intelligence, temperament, height, weight, ability to read and so on. Height is a good example of a genetic trait that can be influenced by environmental factors. While a child’s genetic code may provide instructions for tallness, the expression of this height might be suppressed if the child has poor nutrition or a chronic illness. Proper Care During And After Pregnancy From the above information we can see that most of an individual’s characteristics, from sex, eye color, height, intelligence are determined in the womb because of the genes, great care of the foetus is important to ensure the development is not impaired. Genetic codes are not irrevocable signals for this or that pattern of development or this or that disease. The eventual developmental outcome is affected by the specific experiences the individual may have from conception onwards. Maintaining good nutrition and obtaining pre-natal care is necessary. According to Institute of Medicine, 1990 development before and during pregnancy is important to defend against specific defects and diminish overall vulnerability. Mineral and Vitamins including iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin A have been proved to be essential for the normal development of the fetus. Early, competent, pre-conceptual and prenatal care is also vital as they not only help birth defects but also reduces the rate of low- birth weight. Avoiding teratogens is vital to avoiding defects on the unborn infant. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents read, sing, talk and play music for their baby inside the womb. It is believed that cognitive development starts inside the womb, and hearing music and parents’ voices helps develop a baby’s emotional state. In addition, many researchers believe that hearing a mother’s and father’s voices regularly before birth helps babies learn who their parents are so that those voices can better soothe them after they are born. The Mayo Clinic has also published several studies showing that babies, who are read, played music, sung or spoken to regularly have shown signs of being calmer babies, and may have a better emotional connection with their parents or caregivers. After birth environmental factors such as the food we eat, the air we breathe, the physical and social contexts we experience, our relationships and our continual ongoing interactions at work, at home and at play are necessary for a person to develop well. For example while considering the type of parenting, permissive parents set few rules and rarely punish misbehavior. Their children will be less likely to adopt positive standards of behavior. Children raised by authoritarian parents who resort to discipline, might develop low self-esteem and are more socially withdrawn (Kaufman & Cicchetti, 1989). They tend to be more aggressive and are more likely to become juvenile delinquents (Bower, 1990). According to Baumrind, 1993 the best approach to child rearing is authoritative parenting. These parents are warm and loving, yet insist their children behave appropriately. They encourage independence within well-defined limits, show willingness to explain the reasons for the rules, and permit children to verbalize their disagreement with them. Their children are more likely to become socially competent, independent and responsible. Conclusion While some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by biology, environmental influences may also play a role. For example, the timing of when the onset of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such as nutrition can also have an effect. While the genetic instructions a child inherits from his parents may set out a road map for development, the environment can impact how these directions are expressed, shaped or event silenced. The complex interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at certain periods of time; it is persistent and lifelong. Clearly, genetics have an enormous influence on how a child develops. However, it is important to remember that genetics are just one piece of the intricate puzzle that makes up a child’s life. Environmental variables, including parenting, culture, education and social relationships also play a vital role. Berger, K. S. (1998). The Developing Person Through the Life Span (4th Ed). New York. Worth Publishers. Berk, E. Laura. (2001). Development through the Life Span. U.S.A. Allyn and Bacon Publishers. Hellen, L. Bee and Boyd, L. Denise. (1989). Life Span Development (3rd Ed). Boston. Allyn and Bacon Publishers. Hellen, L. Bee and Sandra, K. Mitchelle. (1980). The Developing Person: A Life-Span Approach. New York. Harper and Row Publishers. Lester, M. Sdorow and Cheryl, A. Rickabaugh. (2002). Psychology 5th ed. New York. McGraw-Hill.

Tobacco 16th Century

Tobacco in the sixteenth century What is tobacco? The definition of tobacco is leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion. For the English settlers in Chesapeake tobacco was there way of surviving. During the sixteenth century a man planted tobacco in Virginia for the first time and found it took well to the climate. Once the tobacco started growing it needed much attention and great care by hand. Workers were needed around the clock to tend to the crops. The settlers realized that tobacco could be there way to riches.The growing of tobacco not only helped the English settlers but also the English monarchy, ships men, and merchants. In 1612 John Rolfe planted seeds of tobacco plants that had been found originally in the West Indies and Venezuela. The plants grew very well and he started to experiment with methods of curing the leaf further enhancing its flavor. Rolfe sent his first shipment of tobacco to London in 1614. After this it became clear to settl ers that they could make a fortune in Virginia by growing tobacco. In 1617 the colonists made their first commercial shipment to England.When the shipments first arrived they product was hardly known but Sir Walter Releigh Helped to make tobacco smoking popular among the English. At first tobacco was sold at a very high price were only the wealthy could partake, but once the English colonist began to grow and ship an abundance of tobacco the price became much lower and tobacco was an indulgence for many. The shipping of tobacco to England saved the Jamestown settlement. Before growing tobacco they couldn’t even grow enough corn to feed themselves.Once the colonist started growing tobacco it became very clear to them that it could be the road to a fortune. The revenue coming in from exporting tobacco kept Chesapeake alive and growing. The king saw all the wealth being made and so he put a tax on importing tobacco giving him a major financial interest. In the end the exporting of tobacco provided a livelihood for many, a fortune for a few, and valuable revenue for ships men, merchants, and the English monarchy. In order to make all the tobacco they shipped to England to gain their wealth the tobacco plantations needed workers.A hired man working on tobacco plantations could make two or three times more in Virginia than in England. Most of the workers on the plantation were indentured servants. These people have their trip to Virginia paid for by someone else then pay the person back by working in the tobacco fields for four to five years. The indentured servants were mostly young, male, and had no skills in the job force. They were thrown on a field and told what to do. Growing tobacco is a very time consuming job. First the fields had to be cleared by hand.Like the Indians the colonist â€Å"clered† fields by cutting a ring of bark from each tree, this was called girdling, killing the tree. Then colonist would use heavy hoes to till the fields. Ho les were then made with sticks and the tobacco seed was placed in each hole. Once the plants matured they were cut down and thrown in a pile to wilt. After the leaves dried a little in the piles they were striped from the stock of the plant and suspended from poles in drying barns or just out in the fields. Last after the leaves were dry, they were seasoned, packed up in casks, and shipped off.During all of this work the men, women, boys, and girls from the age seven and up would smoke tobacco in order to pass the time. As farming went on the owners of the fields’ realized that the indentured servants were hard to control and would soon be free of their contract to them. They first found ways to add time to their contract but found it hard and people were living through their time served. So Between 1670 and 1700 the Chesapeake tobacco plantations discovered slavery and slowly made the transition from servant to slave fixing the problem for the moment.Just when the colonists of Chesapeake thought they would be starving and have no money for the rest of their being John Rolfe showed up and planted tobacco seeds. The seeds grow well and the colonist learned how to make money from all the hard work they were putting forth. They also found cheap ways of getting workers. Pay for an indentured servant and have them work for up to 7 or 10 years or have slave that don’t ever leave the plantation. The tobacco business thrived for everyone entangled in it.Over thirty-million pounds of tobacco was exported from Virginia to England helping make Chesapeake thrive as a colony. Bibliography The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1700 /  Edition 1by  Warren M. Billings The American Promise, A compact history, fourth edition, volume 1: to 1877, by: Roark, Johnson, Cohen, stage, Lawson, and Hartmann WWW. fcps. edu/GunstonES/gunstones/speciaLprojects/Jamestown1612. htm Gale Encyclopedia of Biography :John Rolfe

Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Suicide Essay

Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Suicide - Essay Example This rising trend, particularly in the 15-19 age group placed suicide as the leading cause of death for males and the third most common cause of death for females. As a result of these figures, suicidal behaviour in adolescents became a major health concern in both developed and developing countries. This paper will review studies that seek to identify risk factors in adolescent suicide. The research will pertain to two dissimilar geographical areas and their social milieu, namely New Zealand (the Beautrais, Drummond, Fortune, Heled, Langford, and Fleming studies) and Korea (the Lee, Park, and Kim studies). Half a world apart, the two countries have recorded rising incidences of suicide and suicide ideation among the children and adolescents in their societies. The aim of this study of both countries is to gain knowledge which would help implement new strategies to reduce the rising suicide figures. The study shall employ the Comparative Social Science Approach as research framework. Theoretical Framework This paper shall employ a variant of the Comparative Social Science Approach, a framework for cross border research projects carried out by international researchers. The framework is one of the several paradigms endorsed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. While this exercise does not employ a network of researchers, for which the framework is best suited, it is however useful in structuring a comparative study across borders, such as this one. The framework entails identification and discussion of the following elements: (1) Identification of criteria in the context of cross comparison and transferability (2) A better grasp of cross-national phenomena (3) Collective learning for the benefit of research for action. The first step indicates that there are varied criteria for research that would be relevant to each country specifically. However, there would also be criteria which would be relevant to both social environment s, and therefore would prove useful in the transference and comparison of information across the theoretical divide. While the first step seeks what are common between the two societies, the second step entails an understanding of the differences between the two settings. An appreciation of the country-specific elements would shed light on the nature of the phenomenon studied – in this case, the incidence and ideation of suicide among adolescents. This understanding would prove invaluable in determining the usefulness and validity of the findings on the basis of the geographical location. Finally, the collective learning gathered should yield recommendations that would prove useful in the preparation of an action plan. Discussion of the academic literature Before applying the framework, the topic of study should first be compared for compatibility. The studies appear to agree that previous suicide attempts are predictive of future suicidal behaviours (Fleming et al, 2007: 214 ), with an important qualification. However, the New Zealand studies tackled the matter of fatal suicides – attempts that had resulted in a death. The Korean studies, on the other hand, dealt with suicide ideation, without information on suicide fatalities. The Kim study refers to an article published by Myers et al (1991) which states it would be inappropriate to generalize results from those who have attempted suicide to suicide ideators and adolescents who have actually committed suicide, as there may be qualitative differences in these groups. The Fleming et al study indirectly supports this theory when it quotes the work of Evans et al (2005) which states ‘few young people who report to have tried to kill themselves may in fact have wished to die, and very few

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references - Essay Example The discussion in this paper shall deal with the liability of referee to the subject only. There is no law which specifically confers the right to demand for a reference thus there is no mandatory duty to issue one. It is not a matter of right but a mere privilege which may be stipulated in a contract or agreement. Without any contract, the discretion to give reference lies with the referee however there are instances when the refusal to issue reference is construed as discriminatory that compels the employer to issue one. Assuming the referee voluntarily agrees to issue a reference, it has legal obligation to the subject and the recipient to give an honest, truthful and fair account of the information it has in its possession. The award of damages which do not arise from actual physical injury or damage to property is frowned upon (Murphy v. Brentwood District Council, 1990). This is against public policy and the floodgates arguments (Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v. Martin & Co. Ltd ,1973) where courts will be inundated with gratuitous suits. The exception from this general rule is when misleading statements are contained in the reference which resulted in economic loss then the aggrieved party may demand compensation for such breach of duty. For duty of care to exist nonetheless the standards enunciated in the leading case of Caparo Industries v. Dickman (1990), must be complied with: the injury or damage suffered by the aggrieved party was reasonably foreseeable; sufficient proximity or special relationship between the parties; and it is fair, just and reasonable to impose liability. These elements are mandatory and concurring where the absence of one element negates the existence of duty of care. It is not sufficient that the referee made derogatory remarks that damaged the reputation of the subject it must be shown that the referee has a special relationship with the subject such as that of an employer and employee or that of university official towards the ir personnel or students. If the derogatory remarks was relied upon to reject the subject’s engagement, the imposition of liability is just, fair and equitable. The case of Spring v. Guardian Assurance (1995), is illustrative. The employer imputed dishonest conduct which became the basis for denying the employee’s employment which was later discovered to false. The court enjoined employers to exercise utmost diligence in the preparation of reference so as not compromise the economic prospects of subjects and take due care to protect the subject’s reputation. The court stated a caveat the referee should exercise due skill and care in the preparation of the reference before making it available to the third party since the recipient accord great importance on the reference issued. The referee must showcase the subjects’ skills and expertise to improve their employment prospects and not diminish it by imputing sordid personal traits. The value accorded the re ference is due to the referee’s personal observation on the subject and if the subject is not personally known to the referee, the reference should be based on recorded facts. If a mediocre reference with unproven allegations is disseminated to prospective employers contrary to the subject’s qualifications warrants the award of damages. The right of the

Enterprise Architecture and Databases - Case Study Essay

Enterprise Architecture and Databases - Case Study - Essay Example The automatic query response system is enabled in the data base which raises alarm when the desired red marked vehicle is traced any place. The reliance on man power and intuition is eliminated. Data bases are far more effective in this regard and hence removed the dependency on manual record keeping. With so many vehicles on the road, without such an integrated system keeping such a large record would be realistically impossible. Computerization has solved many problems. Hassle of manual tracing and without cameras would make the task half effective as now. There is always margin for improvement in every system, same goes for this one. The car cloning idea is seen as possible challenge that stands as obstacle as yet. In this scheme the original license is being put up on the stolen car. This needs solution in coming days. The accuracy of cameras and their presence in different suburbs of the city is a point that can help improving things. There is margin of improving the data bases, in terms of the processing time, the accuracy, and possible tracing of every nook and corner of the city through the use of more cameras since at present all parts of the city might not be monitored by the cameras. Centralization of the data base is another aspect so that the vehicles that are in other parts of the country and in other cities can be traced accordingly. The cloning idea is still a challenge which can be sorted out through investment of other type to ensure mitigation through effective means. Ease of use of data base is another aspect that can be explored for improvement and affectivity. The factor of being able to notice an individual’s activities, notably being alcoholic, being unfaithful to someone, and other habits are easy to determine and trace through this entire concept. However the affectivity of the system cannot be compromised for this purpose since it helps comprehending large number of offenders. In such case a balanced line

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Public Relations - Essay Example No matter how sincere and good the visions of the organizations are they will never succeed in realizing their visions if they do not get enough support from the people. When it comes to getting support from people, the media has a lot to offer. The scope of media is very extensive and it certainly has the capability to reach millions of people around the globe. Through the use of media, it will be easier and more convenient for these profit and non-profit organizations to relay their messages to their target market. For example, if a non-profit organization needs financial aid to accomplish their goals all it has to do is make an announcement, or advertisement, on television, radio, or newspapers, and financial help will sooner or later pour in. In addition, considering the universal truth that people act based upon how they perceive pieces of information, profit and non-profit organizations need the help of media in terms of managing, regulating and influencing the perceptions of people until eventually initiating a course of behaviors that will allow the organizations achieve their objectives (Richins, 1987). Persuasion is a key for success, and this is one thing that the media can provide to profit and non-profit organizations. Especially for profit organizations, the media can help them with their campaigns and communicate their persuasive messages to people (Wartick, 1992). Selnick, D. (2005). Promoting your not-for-profit through public relations. Retrieved March 8, 2012, from

Roles played by Canadian Women in World War II Research Paper

Roles played by Canadian Women in World War II - Research Paper Example During World War II the first stand of the Canadian women was at the home front. Canada went to war in September of 1939. Canadian women mobilized immediately and within a matter of months they set up dozens of unofficial women’s corps all over the country. These groups were organized affairs with members numbering in the thousands. Patriotic Canadian women from across Canada joined these organizations, such as â€Å"Women’s Volunteer Reserve Corps†, â€Å"Canadian Auxiliary Territorial Service†, â€Å"Women’s Voluntary Services Division† and â€Å"National War Services†. Women worked on their own time and expense, enrolling in military related courses such as map reading and Morse-code signaling (Dundas & Durflinger n.d.). The female organizations also organized the drive for recyclable material. Women were responsible for collecting fats, paper, glass, metals, rubber, rags and bone. These materials proved to be invaluable while makin g war supplies. Women also helped by saving old tubes of toothpaste, unusable socks, and other things that may seem useless but were very precious for the war effort. During the Second World War it became common for women and children to frequently visit the junk yards in search for disposed metal and batteries. Those days, Canadian women prided themselves on being able to redo old clothes to make new ones, a second cup of coffee was a luxury and women were working with whatever they had (Sharp 1965). Canadian women were not only â€Å"making it† at home. Despite there being a restriction on women fighting at the frontline, Canadian women found and excelled in jobs that did not involve fighting but were equally important. These women contributed to the war effort by partaking in a wide variety of occupations. Men were being sent off to war and this created severe labor shortages in all areas. To fulfill the vacancies, women aged between 20 years to 24 years were initially acc epted into â€Å"Selective Service† in 1942. These women worked in the service providing and manufacturing sectors. Also, many of these women took on the traditionally masculine jobs in shipyards and munitions industries. Up to 30% of the workforce in Canada’s aircraft industry in the Second World War era comprised of women (CBC News 2006). Many of these industrious Canadian women tell the story of workplace discrimination especially when it came to the remuneration package. Women were paid less than men and sometimes even the subordinate males earned more than their female bosses. The management of these facilities usually denied any request for an increase in pay by saying â€Å"that this was a woman's burden!" (Bruce 1985). Perhaps it was the collective effort of Canadian women at home combined with a severe dearth of manpower that encouraged the government to recruit women volunteers for full-time military service. The first call for women to sign up was very succ essful as more than 45000 women volunteered for many sections of the military nursing. Other than nursing, these women served as mechanics, parachute riggers and heavy mobile equipment drivers. During the Second World War, seventy-one women died working in the Canadian military (CBC News 2006). Canadian women did not let any adversity overcome their drive to fight for the right. Women who wanted to fly in the air force were politely turned down as it was not

The Profession of Arms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Profession of Arms - Research Paper Example This work employs the ethical processing model to examine the ethical issues facing the modern US military after a decade in persistent wars. In this regard, this paper critically evaluates some three fundamental aspects of the contemporary US military: professionalism, culture, and ethics in the US military. In the analysis, it compares military professionalism with civil professionalism, points out the differences, justify military actions, and points to the direction military professionalism should take. Military culture is also discussed in lengths in addition to being compared with military climate. In evaluating ethics, this paper illustrates possible platforms and avenues of achieving virtues behaviors among individual soldiers in the US military. Finally, this work comes up with a compelling conclusion in which dialogue in light of the discussion presented in this paper is pointed to as solution to ethical issues facing the US military. This paper builds a convincing professi on of arms in the US after a decade in war. INTRODUCTION After close to a decade in war, the performance of soldiers and leaders in the United States Army has continued to be magnificent. While some critical skills have eroded along the way, the US Army is different from what it was in 2001, and continues to be an Army in transition—learning, always seeking to meet the needs of the American People. As a profession—a profession of arms—it is appropriate for the army to examine itself particularly at these times of transition to ensure that that it appreciates and lives up to the principles that define a profession. This can be achieved by understanding three critical ethical issues; what it implies for the army to be a profession of arms; the meaning of an individual being a professional soldier; and an examination of how individual professionals and the army as a profession is working to meet these aspirations after a decade in war (Casey, 2009). THE ARMY AS A P ROFESSION After years of study and practice, the military, like any other profession, should be able to produce uniquely expert work—away from routine or a repetition. In exercise of military professionalism, the military, just like the sick need a cure from the medics, should be able to provide security to the defenseless. In so doing, effectiveness, rather than pure efficacy, should be the defining factor. In this light, one of the ethical issues that face the US military is the continuous development of expertise and the subsequent utilization of that expertise in the best interest of the society only. The security that the American society cannot provide for itself, and without which it cannot survive, the military should provide. In so doing however, the military should employ its expertise only in accordance to the values held by the Nation (Dempsey, 2010). One of the factors that underline the existence of the army is the applications of lethal force. Unlike other prof essions, the weapons and operations of a soldier are lethal, and individual soldiers must be ready to kill and die in response to the needs of a republic. However, the US Army aspect of professionalism has waned over the years, depicting itself more as an occupation than a profession (Casey, 2009). In particular, the US military has gone professional during expansion and later phases of war while it turns ‘occupational’ during contraction and after wars. A good illustration to this aspect is the post-World War 2 in Korea and post-Vietnam. The coming to being of an all-volunteer force in 1971 and the subsequent rebuilding of the Army NCO Corps Post-Vietnam did not end this trend. This was followed by more professionalism during Desert Storm and more of managerial aspects over the next decade. Today, after close to a decade in war, the US army exhibits more traits of a professional outfit as opposed to the institutional side of the army. However, in the contemporary globa l era of persistent conflict, the professional

Summary Report - Triumph of the Nerds, Parts 2 Essay

Summary Report - Triumph of the Nerds, Parts 2 - Essay Example IBM is one player that made entry into the industry through Tom Watson and Tom Watson Jr. The idea was forthright, and IBM saw an opportunity to use in venturing into the PC market. In 1979, IBM selected Bill Lowe the head of the team. The presenter goes ahead to state that despite IBM having all the necessary components in building the architecture of the PC, they had one crucial problem as they lacked the appropriate OS to run the PC as well as the language. Bill Gates having been in the programing language sector, was approached by IBM, but instead directed them to Gary Kildall who had developed CPM. Kildall’s wife refused to accent to the request for CPM and IBM went back to Bill Gates who acquired QDOS from Tim Patterson at a cost of $50,000, only to later license it to IBM at a cost of $50 per PC. On the release of IBM PCs in 1981, 2 million PCs were sold. The presenter goes ahead to state that IBM woes never ended. Since Tim Patterson and Bill Gates never sold licenses to IBM, they were able to sell them to other PC manufactures and this ideally reduced IBM’s market share. Intel, who had made IBM’s CPU like Microsoft were able to sell their products to other PCs manufacturers, which reduced IBM’s market more. Other players such as Compaq then made entry into the market by selling IBM clone PCs, making significant profits, and capturing great market share. Considering that Microsoft had all the necessary requirements after the development of their Windows OS, they ventured into the billion-dollar market, becoming a key player in the industry. IBM, however, with the lack of strategies to prevent Microsoft and Intel from selling their products to other manufactures lost their share in the market into the dust. The presenter has made it clear how various players emerged into the PC industry, some making substantive progress while others getting toppled along the way. The presentation

The assignment it is a marketing subject and it a research Paper

The assignment it is a marketing subject and it a - Research Paper Example This research study holds importance since promotion is a common tool utilized by all real world companies. Promotion strategy is also a kind of competency which can be acquired by a firm. The importance of this study lies in analyzing wide arrays of theoretical frameworks related to promotion. Research objectives have been stated below- According to Easwaran, marketing can be defined as an approach that enables direct flow of services or products from manufacturers to end customers. It helps to satisfy customer requirements, involved in exchange process. There are wide set of activities included within the approach of marketing. Marketing mix comprises of four basic elements – product, price, place and promotion. Additional elements in marketing mix are physical evidence, process and people. Hence promotion is one of the significant elements of marketing mix. Any service or product always needs the support of effective promotion scheme. Planning is required before promoting brand through advertisement campaigns, leaflet distribution, etc. There are other decisions which are focused on along with planning promotional activities like determining objectives, selecting target group, outlining promotion budget, distribution, new product launch, etc. Promotion is a medium of spreading awareness about a brandâ€⠄¢s offerings. There are three major purpose of promotion – presenting information to target customers, differentiating a product and increasing market demand. Promotional plan is solely responsible for wide array of outcomes such as brand equity building, increase in sales, positioning, and acceptance of new product, corporate image development and competitive retaliations (Easwaran 112). As per Arens, promotion can be stated as a variable to communicate brand message to target audience and eventually change their behavior or attitude. Market share and sales percentage can only be increased when appropriate promotional strategy

Qatar Petroleum Essay Example for Free

Qatar Petroleum Essay Qatar Petroleum aims at maintaining high level of safety by trying to reach a zero level of people and environmental harm. The company uses Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) to maintain its daily operations. The methods helps them to save their documents in an organized format, retrieve them for future use share and use them. They also have a team which holds regular surveys of the whole petroleum plant especially of the pipelines. A record of all their daily activities is kept using the EDMS system as mentioned above. A report on the organizations activities can be obtained from their website as well as a book written by P. Tuson Records of Qatar: primary documents, 1820-1960; ed. P. Tuson. Archive edns, 1991. (8v) . Since any oil company poses numerous threats , benchmarks have been set to avoid them or reduce their occurance. Limitations have been set on their expansion, to share mproved ideas and information , maintain an unbreachable security checks and register them regularly. Workers undergo regular physical check-ups and their protective suits are also regularly scrutinized for emission penetration. There are also regular checks held by the government to ensure all the safety activities are being followed regularly. Qatar Petroleum is however not free from threats. Any oil company , Qatar being the biggest is susceptible to terrorist attack as the destruction caused will be massive , eading to a high death rate and heavy financial losses. Avoiding intrusion will be difficult as these companies are located by the sea and remote areas. The attack can be on refineries, distribution system, maritime transport , developmental and exploration sites. Oil companies pose their own threat too as any fault in the whole plant, being of the minutest nature, can lead to the same type of damage as would be caused by any terrorist attack.

The Field Of Genetic Counselling Psychology Essay

The Field Of Genetic Counselling Psychology Essay Over the past fifty years, the field of genetic counselling has been constantly evolving, often changing the roles and adjusting the values of genetic counsellors within the field. This progress can be monitored by looking at the genetic counselling literature from various decades and comparing fundamental values of the profession at a certain time period. In this paper, an evaluation of genetic counselling services is based on four studies conducted in 1970s and 2000s. These studies were on genetic counselling provided for neural-tube malformations by Morris and Laurence (1976), Duchenne muscular dystrophy by Emery et al. (1972), the role of genetic counselling in multidisciplinary metabolic clinic by Hartley et al. (2010), as well as on the genetic counselling for patients with psychiatric disorders (Hill and Sahhar 2006). The main focus of Morris and Laurence (1976) research was to assess the value of genetic counselling provided to couples who had a child with neural-tube malformations, an affected relative, or themselves had been suffering from these defects over the period of 8 years. The success of 160 genetic counselling sessions was measured by the clients reaction to counselling, accurate recollection of risks, and the appropriateness of the actions taken as a result of the risk numbers provided. In this study, genetic counselling consisted of two consultations. During the initial consultation, information on the origin, possible causes of the neural-tube malformation, and risk figures was given. In addition, the counsellor addressed the couples concerns and discussed the potential means of solving them using a nondirective approach (Morris and Laurence 1976). After the session, none of the couples had received the letter with the details of the consultation, it was only sent to their general p ractitioner. A two-hour follow-up consultation was arranged at the couples home, with a previous consent of the couple via a formal letter and the general practitioner. During this visit, a genetic counsellor had focused on the couples reactions to counselling, accurate recollection of risk information, and their decision on further pregnancy (Morris and Laurence 1976). The main purpose of Emery et al. (1972) study was to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic consultations given to women with confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy over the period of 4 years. The effectiveness of genetic counselling was measured in a similar way to the previously mentioned study, in addition to the influence of consultations on womens marital status. In contrast with the findings on neural-tube malformations (Morris and Laurence 1976), genetic counselling in this study consisted of two sessions and one follow-up visit. All three consultations differed in nature. Women referred to genetic counselling in this study were not aware of the exact risk numbers of them being a carrier for the X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy; therefore, the point of the first visit was to conduct a predictive test based on the serum levels of creatine kinase. As soon as the results were obtained, women came for the second consultation, where the information on the character o f the disease, their carrier status and risk figures was given. Similar to the study done on neural-tube malformations, Emery et al. (1972) implemented a nondirective approach into the genetic counseling sessions, with a slight emphasis on the importance of the risk figures given to women who were in the high risk group only. During a follow-up visit, a questionnaire was used to assess womens reactions to counselling and their views on future pregnancies. Neither counselled women nor their general practitioners received a detailed letter of the consultation. pg. 2 Both of the studies showed that the majority of clients seemed to have a fairly good apprehension of the disease nature and recall of the risk numbers, with the outstanding memory of clients falling into groups of very high and low risk. However, Morris and Laurence (1976) found that 23% of their clients had a very poor recall due to various reasons. It was quite surprising to see that nearly one-fifth of the couples were disappointed with the nondirectiveness of genetic counselling mostly because they were looking for someone to make decisions for them. The question that immediately comes to mind is: What are the reasons for disliking the nondirective approach? Was it because the counsellor did not provide enough psychological support? If the counsellor was concentrating on being nondirective and let clients be completely responsible for their own decisions, then the counsellor might have missed the opportunity to emotionally connect with the clients and give them enough confidence to make the decisions of their own. The evaluation of the effectiveness of genetic counselling in these two studies was mainly measured by the clients ability to retain information on risks, their attitude towards advice given, and their future decision making (Emery et al 1972; Morris and Laurence 1976). However, both of these studies had no emphasis on feelings of other family members about the disease, financial burden associated with the disease, and the social aspects of it. It was quite surprising to see that in the attempt to evaluate the effects of genetic counselling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Emery et al. 1972), there was no record of the actual feelings of the clients towards genetic counselling and the nondirective approach used. In my opinion, one cannot fully assess the attitude towards genetic counselling if it is measured through comprehension of the nature and risks of the disease, and not the emotional responses to the counselling process. It can be seen from both of the studies, that nondirective approach was used as a method for conducting genetic counselling. Over the past three decades, nondirectiveness was an integral part of genetic counselling (Kessler 1997). As a result, the information given to families had an emphasis on the genetic aspect of the disease, the risks associated with it and the importance of those risks. Genetic counsellors restrained themselves from participating in active discussion, giving advice or making any decision for the client. The study on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Emery et al. 1972) clearly shows that the decisions associated with future pregnancies regardless of the risks were left entirely to the woman. Looking through the literature on genetic counselling, there seems to be a lot of criticism of nondirective approach and dissatisfaction of many genetic counsellors that have recently entered the field with it (Kessler 1997; Weil 2003; Weil et al. 2006). A high rate of dissatisfa ction with nondirective approach in the field could be well due to the fact that nondirectiveness was initially implemented in reproductive genetic counselling era, when genetic counsellors could only provide information on risks and prenatal testing, and left the decisions on family planning up to the clients (Weil 2003). This is well illustrated by the studies on neural-tube malformations (Morris and Laurence 1976) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Emery et al. 1972). The study done by Hartley et al. (2010) vividly shows how different the role of genetic counsellor is these days. It looks at a genetic counsellor as a part of one complex multidisciplinary environment providing a wide variety of health services to children with metabolic disorders. The distinct feature of the genetic counselling in such clinics is pg. 3 that the counselling sessions are provided continuously over the life span of a patient. In contrast with the genetic counselling services in 1970s, the counsellors in this type of clinical environment have an opportunity to fully engage with the client, an advantage of addressing every concern the patients family has, as well as providing a continuing emotional support (Hartley et al. 2010). The consultations themselves differ quite significantly from those taken place in reproductive genetic counselling era. During the first consultation, genetic counsellors do realize that the stress of recently diagnosed child with metabolic disorder often overrides the familys ability to take in the information on the disorder and risks associated with it. Keeping this in mind, genetic counsellors do not go into the genetic aspect of the disorder, but rather provide immediate psychosocial support and give an idea of what it means to live with a metabolic condition on the day-to-day basis (Hartle y et al. 2010). Looking back at the studies done by Morris and Laurence (1976) and Emery et al. (1972), one could see a possible downside of giving a whole lot of information in a single counselling session, which could be the underlying reason for clients poor recall of information when in distress. Therefore, the second consultation is usually held at least four months after the metabolic disorder is diagnosed. And it is during this session that the extensive information on the inheritance and nature of the condition, and the available community support groups (Hartley et al. 2010). The study done by Hill and Sahhar (2006) also shows a newly developing role of a genetic counsellor in the field of psychiatric genetics. Due to the current limitations in the knowledge of psychiatric genetics, most of the genetic counsellors work is devoted to providing helpful resources to the family, connecting them with support groups, emphasizing the importance of family support and helping to deal with the stigma associated with psychiatric disorders, however, the risks of recurrence are also explained. The counselling sessions also tend to be held over a long period of time, which gives clients more time to adapt to a genetic side of mental illness. The two recent studies are similar in a way that there was a detailed summary letter written to the clients with the information covered during the counselling session (Hartley et al. 2010; Hill and Sahhar 2006). In studies done by Morris and Laurence (1976) and Emery et al. (1972), it is quite understandable that if someone wants to measure the ability of a client to remember the information given, then no summary letter should be sent. However, such letter tends to be crucial with helping clients to fully understand and retain the information on the disorder if they were not able to concentrate on it during the counselling session (Hill and Sahhar 2006). These letters also serve as important starting point for sharing information within the family or with a general practitioner. Both of the recently done studies on the genetic counselling emphasize a psychosocial approach to genetic counselling rather than nondirective approach. It is quite interesting, because few years before these papers came out, Weil (2003) did raise a question of whether nondirective approach should continue to be recognized as the main ethos for genetic counselling, or whether a new approach, emphasizing psychosocial direction, should be developed. As Weil (2003) suggested, some crucial values of nondirectiveness, such as providing balanced information, not imposing the genetic counselors values on the counselee, and supporting counselee autonomy should be included in the central ethos of the genetic counselling practice in general, regardless of the approach used.

The Mystery Behind Sudoku Mathematics Essay

The Mystery Behind Sudoku Mathematics Essay Puzzle games can be very enjoyable and is popular amongst kids as well as adults. Many of you may know the game Sudoku; where by the goal of the game is to fill in the remaining empty cells with each number from 1-9 appearing no more than once from each column, each row and each of the nine sub-grids. Sudoku is a type of logic-based numerical puzzle game that has a unique solution once completed. The most common form of a Sudoku is constructed as a 99 grid with nine 33 sub-grids and is primarily partially completed. Sudoku has become appealing among puzzle enthusiasts and involves complex thinking and practice. Available daily in newspapers, mobiles and many more, this addictive and brain-teasing puzzle game has become one of the most popular games to play since the time of the Rubiks cube. This dissertation discusses the mathematical side involved in Sudoku. There is no mathematics in actually solving a Sudoku but more of how it is used from a creators side. The 99 grid will be considered in the majority of the report; however a glimpse into other size grids will be discussed briefly also known as variants. Mathematicians have been questioning How many unique solutions are there in a Sudoku? Essentially meaning what are the possible ways of filling in an empty Sudoku grid so that each row, column and sub-grid contains the numbers 1 through 9. Your first thought of an answer may be a couple of thousands, but as you understand the concepts behind a Sudoku, you begin to grasp a whole new aspect. Combinatorics and permutation group theory are largely interwoven with analysing Sudoku. For that reason, I aim to explore these theories and understand how it applies to the methods of enumerating Sudoku grids. In particular I will be looking at Felgenhauer and Jarviss approach to enumerating all possible Sudoku grids where they employ several mathematical concepts. Furthermore I will uncover the importance of Latin squares and its use of constructing Sudokus. There are many constraints in regards to when are similar solutions considered different such as solutions of similar structure, symmetry etc. Preserving symmetries are known as relabeling symbols, band permutations, reflection, transposition and rotation. Burnsides Lemma theorem is one of their techniques in computing the number of essentially different solutions. Many difficult problems are of the type called nondeterministic-polynomial known as an NP-complete problem. This will direct me onto the debate on whether Sudoku is an NP-complete problem. Sudokus can take many forms and shapes. These are called Sudoku variants and consist of rectangular regions, Sudokus with a large region having no clues (numbers), an empty row, column or sub-grid and many more! Here I will research the logic behind irregular Sudokus as well as examining any occurring patterns or whether it has occurred by chance. 1.2 Latin squares and Sudoku Sudoku is also a special case of Latin squares. The Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler made many fundamental discoveries during 1782 including Latin squares. A Latin square is an N x N matrix where by a set of N characters are arranged such that each row and column contains one of each character. This is also in the case of a Sudoku, when complete, with an additional constraint that the nine sub-grids must hold the numbers 1-9. A reduction can be made to any Latin square by permuting the rows and columns. This arrangement is an aspect of combinatorics and is most commonly referred to as enumeration. Enumerative combinatorics is a classic area of Combinatorics and involves counting the number of infinite class of finite sets. Counting combinations and counting permutations are two of the most common forms. The number of valid Latin squares is known to be approximately 5.525 x 10 ²Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ·. Write about Colbourns proof 1.3 Combinatorics and Permutation group theory Combinations and permutations have slightly different meaning. Combinations are the number of different ways of selecting n objects from a set but the order of events is not important. From a set of 3 objects, lets call these 1, 2 and 3. If for example I was asked to pick the number of ways of selecting 2 objects out of the 3, there would be three combinations 12, 23 and 13. 12 = 21 since the order of each pair is not important. A permutation on the other hand does consider the position. Therefore if I was to use the above example, there would be six permutations. A simpler way to calculate a larger set would be to use formula 1: Formula 1. = = Where is the combination formula, is the permutation formula, n is the total number of objects and r is the number to be arranged Both methods are one way of computing the number of possible Sudoku solutions and this will be looked at later in the report. Chapter 2 Enumerating possible Sudoku solutions 2.1 Distinct Sudoku solutions There are many approaches to enumerating possible Sudoku solutions. To enumerate every possible Sudoku solution, a Sudoku differs from another if they are not identical. Thus all solutions will be consider unless they are like for like. Felgenhauer and Jarvis was the first to enumerate the Sudoku grid solutions directly in 2005. There approach was to analyze the permutations of the top row used in valid solutions. Their knowledge of the complexity in computing the number of Latin squares has made them aware of how they should go about getting an answer with fewer computations. Hence by using relabeling this could shorten the number of counts. To make it easier, each sub-grid is given an abbreviation seen in figure 3. B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 Figure 1. Abbreviated sub-grid with top band (Felgenhauer and Jarvis, 2006) Firstly they consider every solution to filling in blocks B2, B3, given that B1 is in standard form. To work out every possible way of arranging B1 on its own would essentially be computing the number of permutations of 9 symbols. There are 9! of filling in B1. The main operation they use is called relabeling. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 2. B1 in standard form (Felgenhauer and Jarvis, 2006) Felgenhauer and Jarvis have found that B2 and B3 is the same as the transpose of B2 and B3. Therefore the number of ways of arranging B1, B2 and B3 and B1, B2 and B3 to a complete grid is equally the same. This means that computing one set of possibilities will cut down the number of solutions. Inevitably, there are few pairs of B2 and B3 that needs to be worked out and as well as using reduction the number of possibilities for the top band of a Sudoku grid is 9! x 2612736 = 948109639680. The next section involves brute force computation. As running through all 2612736 possibilities would be exceedingly tedious for B2 and B3, Felgenhauer and Jarvis attempts to identify configurations of the numbers in these blocks which give the same number of ways of completing to a full grid. This in return, will cut down the number possibilities. Permuting B2 and B3 in every way such that the result gives a unique solution will preserve the number of complete grids. This is the same for B5 and B6, and B8 and B9. However this changes B1 from its standard form, so an additional relabeling of B1 needs to be performed. Another approach to reducing the number of possibilities is to permute the columns in each block and permute the rows of any block. Reducing the number of possible ways by permuting. Lexicographical reduction Permutation reduction Column reduction As a result of these methods, Felgenhauer and Jarvis have found that there are approximately 6670903752021072936960 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  6.671 x 10 ²Ã‚ ¹ Sudoku solutions. In light of this result, there are fewer solutions than Latin squares due to the fact that there is that extra restriction of 9 sub-grids. That being said, there will be no shortage of Sudoku puzzles any time soon. Verification of this result has been confirmed by several other mathematicians Ed Russell to be more precise. 2.2 Essentially different Sudoku grids Whether symmetrical Sudoku grids are considered as two separate solutions is another method of enumerating the possible solutions. In this case, the only solutions are ones that are essentially different. Lets say two Sudoku grids are equivalent if one is a transformation of the other by applying any number of symmetries. If however, no such chain of symmetries can occur between two grids, it is essentially different. Two Sudoku grids are the same if we can get from one to the other by applying some sort of symmetry. For instance, take figure 3 4 below; the set of 3s in the first grid can be interchanged by the placements of the set of 1s, effectively producing the second grid. Figure 3. Valid Sudoku grid Figure 4. Another valid Sudoku grid from Figure 1 As well as this, a solution is said to be the same as another if any two columns or rows are swapped. The first column and second column in figure 3 can be exchanged to give figure 5. The two solutions are said to be symmetrical because the transformation still produces a valid Sudoku grid. Figure 5. First and second column swapped from Figure 1. Another form of symmetries includes rotational grids. A rotation of Figure 3 by 90 degrees generates a new valid Sudoku grid shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Rotational of 90 degrees from figure 1 Any of these operations performed on a valid grid maintains the property of it being valid and this is known as symmetries of a grid. When an object is subject to these operations, certain properties are preserved. An example would be if one performs symmetry on to a Sudoku grid and repeats this operation once more, the final transformation is itself symmetric. In addition a symmetrical object can be transformed back to its original state by another form of symmetry. Performing several symmetries on a Sudoku grid can also be achieved by grouping its neighbouring pair. So the first symmetry can be paired with the second or the second can be paired with the third and so on. The resulting transformation is nevertheless the same either way. From these properties, it is inevitable to say that the set of symmetries of any Sudoku grid form a group. A group is a set G if it satisfies the following properties: CLOSURE If f and g are elements of G, then f ·g is also an element of G. ASSOCIATIVITY If f, g, and h are elements of G, then f ·(g ·h)=(f ·g) ·h must satisfy. IDENTITY ELEMENT There is an element e in G such that g ·e=e ·g=g for all g in G. INVERSE For any element g of G, there is another element d of G such that g ·d=d ·g=e, where e is the identity element. (The element d = g-1.) The symmetry group is thus generated by the transformations of: re-labelling the nine digits, permuting the three stacks (3 vertical blocks of a Sudoku), permuting the three bands (3 horizontal blocks of a Sudoku), permuting the three columns within a stack, permuting the three rows within a band, and any reflection or rotation. These can be combined to form other elements of the group and together they comprise of the symmetry group G. Given that any element of G can be mapped so that it takes one grid to another, we can say that the set of valid Sudoku grids has a finite number of elements. Thus G has finitely many symmetries. The association between symmetrical Sudoku grids are in fact an equivalence relation and satisfies the following three properties: for grids A, B and C in set G Reflexivity A = A Symmetry If A = B then B = A Transitivity If A = B and B = C then A = C Let A be any valid Sudoku grid, we must consider all the grids that are equivalent to a valid Sudoku grid A. To do this, we firstly have to group together grids that are essentially the same so that we can partition the set of grids. This will break the set of Sudoku grids into subsets, with groups that contain no relating elements within each other. The term subset can be called equivalence classes and is denoted by X/G. In any equivalence class, there are elements that are equivalent to each other by symmetry. The total number of elements in X/G is equal to the number of essential Sudoku grids. To calculate the number of essentially different Sudoku grids, we shall look at all the symmetries neglecting the re-labelling of the nine digits for the time being. The number of distinct symmetries founded by Russell and Jarvis (2006) is said to contain 3359232 (pg 4). In this finite group H, we need to take the average number of grids fixed by an element of H, up to re-labelling. Next we need to verify the number of fixed points of all elements in H. Russell and Jarvis have found that there are 275 classes of symmetries using a software package called GAP. It is interesting to note that some of the elements in H have the same number of fixed grids. In other words, we only need to count the number of fixed points for one symmetry for each of the 275 classes. However there exist symmetries in H that have no fixed points. Subsequently, there is no need to count the number of fixed grids for those that have no fixed points. That being said, there are only 27 out of 275 classes that co ntain fixed points, meaning fewer computations. Rotman. J. J (1995) demonstrate that if X is a finite G-set and |X/G| is the number of G-orbits of X, then Formula 2 holds where, for gцG, X is the number of xцX fixed by g (pg 58-61). Using this notion, we have established that the number of valid Sudoku grids is of a finite set and X/G is the number of essentially different Sudoku grids, so we can obtain the number of essentially different Sudoku grids by using the Burnside Lemma Theorem. Formula 2. Burnside Lemma Theorem (Rotman, 1995) Burnside Lemma Theorem is a useful tool when dealing with symmetry with a set of countable objects. When used to enumerate the essentially different Sudoku grid, the set of equivalent grids form an orbit of the symmetric group. The number orbits are essentially the number of different grid solutions. This may sound slightly (ALOT) trickier to compute, nonetheless Russell and Jarvis have shown that the number of essentially different Sudoku grids is 5,472,730,538 with the implementation of Burnsides Lemma Theorem. Chapter 3 Nondeterministic polynomials 3.1 NP-complete and Sudoku Sudokus may relate to a variety of problems, in particularly, whether Sudoku is an NP-complete problem. It is known that NP-complete problems are one of the most complicated cases in NP, also referred to as nondeterministic-polynomial. Its rival, P problems relates to NP as both being in the same complexity class. Mathematicians have yet to solve whether NP-complete problems can be solved in polynomial time or more commonly whether P = NP. Consequently being one of the greatest unsolved mathematical problems. The majority of computer scientists believe that P à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   NP, as a result would mean that NP-complete problems are significantly trickier to compute than to verify. Unfortunately, nobody has yet found an efficient algorithm, not even with the use of computers available today. A problem is said to be NP-complete when its solution can be proved in polynomial time. And if that problem can be solved in polynomial time, all problems in NP can be solved too. An interesting characteristic of NP-complete problems is that the time frame to solve the problem increases rapidly as the size of the problem gets larger. If that is the case and Sudokus are NP-complete, solving a Sudoku of higher order (say 17 ² x 17 ²) will become increasingly challenging algorithmically then the standard 3 ² x 3 ² version were talking trillions of years. It has been shown that Sudoku does belong to the category of NPC problems by Takayuki Yato of the Univeristy of Tokyo (2003). An exchange for the notation ASP-completeness (shorthand for Another solution problem), led the proof of NP-completeness of ASP. Their proof uses reduction in order to obtain the required polynomial-time ASP from the problem of Latin squares by Colbourn (1984) who has verified, the NP-completeness of ASP of Latin square completion Another accountable source by Provan states that, It is known that solving general-sized Sudoku puzzles is NP-hard, even for square grids with blocks consisting of the sets of rows and columns (Latin Squares) or for p2 x p2 grids with blocks consisting of rows, columns, and the p2 partitioned p x p subsquares. Mathematical programmes such as the 0-1 linear programming and the knapsack problems are also cases of NP-complete problems. A full list of other problems that are NP-complete can be found in Garey and Johnson (1979). Chapter 4 Sudoku Variants 4.1 Variation The classic form of a 99 Sudoku are polyominoes. There are other variations of Sudokus that can be applied to the rules of Sudoku. There are puzzles of the size 66 with 23 regions or a 1212 grid of 43 regions. More so, there are other fascinating Sudoku variants such as Greater than Sudoku. Chapter 5 Personal Critical Review The progress I have made during the duration of this project, have been fairly slow but surely getting there. Having said this on many occasions, I have still not conquered my time management skills! The project started very slow which meant I was behind schedule. Nevertheless my organisational skills have kept me on balance. The GANT chart has been of great help in doing so. What has kept me going throughout this project in particular would be self discipline and motivation. This project has proven that I am capable of working to my own initiative, but also well within a group; my time during the group project. Furthermore, my time on this project has definitely promoted a better mentality of my future ambitions. I have learnt that it is crucial to read a lot, as well as reading as broadly as I can. This in turn have aided in the running of my project. With other coursework deadlines, I made that a priority and had no time to meet with my supervisor. I understand that meeting with my supervisor is equally important because a supervisor is there to encourage and to advice on any difficult obstacles I may encounter. An area of interest to proof whether NP-complete problems can be solved in polynomial time, was left open as future work. This could be the next step of extending this report that little bit further. Chapter 6 Conclusion A challenging problem for further research is to proof whether NP-complete problems can be solved in polynomial time. This has yet to be solved and anyone who has a formal proof will be rewarded $1 million dollars by The Clay Mathematics Institute.

The Eye And Laser Eye Surgery Essay -- essays research papers

A Functioning Eye (Emmetropia) The eye is the organ of sight. It is used in almost everything we do, from playing sport to reading. A normal and well functioning eye can focus objects and images, both near and far, perceive depth and adapt to changes in light. The perception of depth is due to having two separate eyes creating two separate images, while the ability to adapt to light change is attributed to the iris and the dilator muscles. However these two aspects of the eye are not involved in laser eye surgery and will not be discussed in reference. The focusing of objects and images is very much part of laser eye surgery. In order for a clear visual image to be formed the image must come to a point on the retina. Light rays do not normally travel toward each other, usually the light rays either travel outwards or almost parallel, for this reason the light rays must be refracted. The cornea is the primary place of refraction, the â€Å"bent† light rays then travel through the aqueous humor and the pupil to the lens. Here the light is one again refracted even closer together, the light then goes through the vitreous humor and is projected onto the retina. The focus of the lens should be aimed at the fovea centralis (a tiny pit in the middle of the macula). It is in this region that vision is most sharp. For this reason, instead of simply staring at one point the eye must constantly â€Å"scan† the area to focus the whole object or image. In order to accommodate the changing distances of the object or image the lens in the eye has to adjust, becoming thinner to focus distant objects and fatter to focus near by objects. This process, of changing the lens thickness is known as accommodation. In order for this to occur the ciliary muscles contract and relax. The contraction fattens the lens and the relaxation stretches the lens. The eye functions on much the same principle as a camera. The iris, or coloured portion of the eye, acts as a shutter to regulate the amount of light admitted to the eye. The cornea (the clear window at the front of the eye) and the lens (located behind the pupil) serve to focus light rays from the object viewed onto the retina at the back of the eye. The retina then transmits the "picture" of the object viewed to the brain where the object is "seen". Clear vision is the result of light rays passing through the cornea,... ...ubstantially reduced. 3) Post-operative visual acuity is restored within a few days rather than weeks. 4) Less corneal scarring in the long term, less change due to healing (regression) and thus greater stability of the correction. When comparing only the benefits of Lasik over PRK the first impression is that Lasik has the potential to be a superior procedure. There is however, a very significant list of potential complications or risks and these include: 1) Failure of automated instrument to leave a hinge on the corneal flap, with the first incision. 2) Loss of the corneal flap during the operation. 3) Loss of the corneal flap after the operation. 4) Slipping of the flap and healing off center. 5) First incision too deep (perforation of the eye) or too shallow, causing a hole in the flap. 6) Invasion of the surface tissue into the central tissue of the cornea. 7) Infection of the cornea. 8) Loss of visual acuity - from scarring or from decentration of the PRK. 9) Technical problems with complex and finicky automated diamond-cutting devices. 10) The procedure is much more dependent upon surgeon's operating skills, than the computerized precision of the PRK procedure.

Cold Mountain: Frasiers Archetypal Journey Essay -- essays research pa

The archetype of the journey is seen in Charles Frazier’s novel Cold Mountain, most clearly through experience Inman has wandering back to Cold Mountain. The journey archetype sends the hero in search of some truth to restore order and harmony to the land. The journey often includes the series of trials and tribulations the hero faces along the way. Usually the hero descends into a real or psychological hell and is forced to discover the blackest truths. Once the hero is at his lowest level, he must accept personal responsibility to return to the world of the living. Inman’s trip fits this description very well in some ways and not in others. It could be said that Inman’s search for truth is his desire to be back home. He has been disillusioned by the war. He saw horrible scenes daily and fought for his life. By coming home to Ada and his mundane life is a welcome constant for him in a world he has recently determined to be wild. He believed that once he had rea ched his destination, order in his personal world and soul could begin to return to normal. In accordance with the definitions of the archetype journey, Inman goes through a great deal angst and tribulations. He has practically starved many times, been mugged, and fired upon. This strife is culminated when he his betrayed and shanghaied, marched nearly to death, then shot and left for dead. He is buried with a thin layer of dirt in a mass grave, and spends half a day under ground with the dead. This is his low point, his personal hell. At this point he even considers not uncovering himself and allowing the easy death to occur. For such a logical and even headed man this is particularly extreme thought. But he eventually finds the will power to hoist himself out of the grave to once again take up road. Finally he gets to the house and restores order to his metaphysical kingdom, coming to terms with many of his thoughts. Ada goes through a more mental archetypal journey. She has to fi nd manageable independence, an aspect development of which she had always been deprived. Her low point was at the beginning of the book when she realized that she no longer had the money that once had enabled a work-free life style. At the beginning, she has no idea what to do or what she even wants. Once Ruby comes, she begins to come to important self-realization about the pettiness of her past life and how she is no lon... ... the greatest foils to each other. When one reads of Ruby’s extreme incredible work ethic and practicality in every matter, even towards bird-watching (she uses migratory patterns to plant seasonally), one understands that she has lived in harsh conditions and foolishness was not an option. Once contrasted with her father and his physically unproductive lifestyle, one may come to view her as a calculating robot. On the other hand, Stobrod may look as though he has a far worse work ethic than he actually does wen contrasted against his daughter. Similarly, this was the dynamic of Ada’s relationship to Ruby when Ruby was first introduced. Inman, the rational, moral, and selfless farmer boy and Veasy, the lecherous, self-centered preacher serve as foil to one another. When the pair is together Inman seems so strait laced and moral, thinking every aspect out well in advance, then taking the most sensible route. Veasy on the other hand is made to look even more of a lech erous buffoon, when he, who has just had relations with Laura Foster, solicits the massive Tildy for sex in the tavern while Inman, the lonely former-soldier who has not been with woman for a long time remains celibate.

The Red Badge Of Courage Essay :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage is not a war novel. It is a novel about life. This novel illustrates the trials and tribulations of everyday life. Stephen Crane uses the war as a comparison to everyday life. He is semi-saying that life is like a war. It is a struggle of warriors—the every day people—against the odds. In these battles of everyday life, people can change. In The Red Badge of Courage, the main character, Henry Fleming, undergoes a character change that shows how people must overcome their fears and the invisible barriers that hold them back from being the best people—warriors, in the sense that life is war—they can be. Henry has a character change that represents how all humans have general sense of fear of the unknown that must be overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first part of the novel, Henry is a youth that is very inexperienced. His motives were impure. He was a very selfish and self-serving character. He enters the war not for the basis of serving his country, but for the attainment of glory and prestige. Henry wants to be a hero. This represents the natural human characteristic of selfishness. Humans have a want and a need to satisfy themselves. This was Henry's main motive throughout the first part of the novel. On more than one occasion Henry is resolved to that natural selfishness of human beings. After Henry realizes that the attainment of glory and heroism has a price on it. That price is by wounds or worse yet, death. Henry then becomes self-serving in the fact that he wants to survive for himself, not the Union army. There is many a time when Henry wants to justify his natural fear of death. He is at a point where he is questioning deserting the battle; in order to justify this, he asks Jim, the tall sol dier, if he would run. Jim declared that he'd thought about it. Surely, thought Henry, if his companion ran, it would be alright if he himself ran. During the battle, when Henry actually did take flight, he justified this selfish deed—selfish in the fact that it did not help his regiment hold the Rebs—by natural instinct. He proclaimed to himself that if a squirrel took flight when a rock was thrown at it, it was alright that he ran when his life was on the line.

Comparison Between Ipad and Galaxy Tab

Maria Andrea Trujillo Villatoro A01321564 Homework COMPARISON BETWEEN IPAD 3 AND GALAXY TAB 2 Tablets are portable, slim, internet-connected computers. They are bigger than smart phones but operate in a similar way with touch screens and downloadable apps. They generally differ from laptops and net-books by having no built-in keyboard, and being thinner and lighter. Tablets are primarily designed for interactive entertainment, whether that’s listening to music, watching movies, reading e-books, playing games or surfing the web.If we compare the iPad 3 and the Galaxy Tab 2, we can notice that the iPad 3 has a 4:3 aspect ratio Retina display while the Galaxy Tab has a widescreen display. The iPad 3 still retains the 9. 7-inch screen, but the pixels are the double now, reaching 1536 x 2048 pixels. The high amount of pixels gives a better visual experience, including sharper images and text. In addition, the 4:3 aspect ratio display works well in browsing the webpages compared to a widescreen display. You are able to view more content on the screen without scrolling the page down.Additionally, the iPad 3 has a better rated camera compared to the Galaxy, because the Ipad has 5 megapixels while the Galaxy has 3. 15-megapixels. Plus, it is equipped with a 2. 4 aperture lens that allows more light to hit the image sensor, resulting in clearer and sharper images. The camera is also capable of recording a 1080p full HD video which its competitor could not. The iPad 3 also offers LTE support in addition to the usual 3G and WiFi connectivity. Despite having a bigger battery capacity, Ipad is 11560 and Galaxy is 7000 mAh.The Ipad is still thinner than the Galaxy Tab 2 (10. 1). On the other hand, the Galaxy Tab 2 is great for watching movies with its widescreen display. Unlike the iPad 3, it has a microSD card slot that accepts cards up to 32GB. Each tablet is running on their respective operating system. The iPad 3 runs on iOS 5. 1 and the Galaxy Tab 2 runs on Androi d 4. 0. Both are equally powerful platforms, and it is subject to the individual’s preference to pick either one. Pricing-wise, expect the iPad 3 have a steeper price than the Galaxy Tab 2.The Galaxy Tab 2 (10. 1) is definitely a decent tablet for the price-conscious, but those who expect more from a tablet should go for the iPad 3. In conclusion I think that like all electronics, any tablet has pros and cons. Among the pros we can found that they are very portable, easy to handle, quickly to switch on, lots of apps to choose and more and the cons can be that they are quite expensive, some don’t have 3G connectivity and typing is not as easy as on a laptop, but now this devices have become very common among people.

Natural Science: Volcanoes

The relentless motions of tectonic plates, the uplift and the eroding of mountain ranges, and the evolution of living organisms argon processes which rouse only be in full appreciated across the deep sentence of geology. just almost of the processes at work in our planet offer manifest totally too suddenly, changing the landscape and destroying lives on a very human timescale vol heapoes. lay over a map of active vol sessoes on a world map wake the boundaries of the tectonic plates and their association is frank.The ring of p arent slightly the Pacific, for example, is clearly associated with the plate boundaries. But where is the molten rock that feeds them coming from? why are vol shtupoes different from each other, with some producing gentle burnions and regular trickles of molten lava, whilst others erupt in devastating explosions? And why are some volcanoes, such as those of Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific, far from any obvious plate boundary?The molten rockThe keystone to understanding volcanoes comes from understanding how rocks melt. For a start, they do not have to melt completely, so the bulk of the mantle remains unscathed even though it gives rise to a fluid, molten magma.That means that the melt does not have the same composition as the bulk of the mantle. As long as the so-called dihedral angles, the angles at which the mineral grains in mantle rock meet, are sizeable enough, the rock behaves like a poriferous sponge and the melt can be squeezed out.Calculations show how it willing tend to fall down together and rise quite promptly in a sort of wave, producing lava at the get along in the sort of quantities seen in typical eruptions (The University of Sydney, 2006).Melting does not necessarily lead increasing the temperature. It can result from lessen the pressure. So a swipe of calorifacient, good mantle material will go to melt as it rises and the pressure upon it reduces. In the cause of a mantle plume, that can happen at considerable depths (McKenzie, 1984, p. 717).Beneath the mid- oceanic ridgepoleline system, the melting takes place at untold shallower depths. Here there is little or no mantle lithosphere and the acrid asthenosphere comes close to the surface.The lower pressures here can result in a bigger proportion of the rock melting, perhaps 20 or 25%, supplying magma at about the right rate to bind sea floor spreading and provoke an ocean crust 7 kilometres thick. close of the ocean ridge eruptions pass unmarked as they take place much than than 2,000 metres underwater as rapidly quenched pillow lavas (Basin Topography, 2006).But seismic studies have revealed magma domiciliate a few kilometres beneath the sea floor in parts of the ridges, curiously in the Pacific and Indian oceans, though there is also some march of magma chambers beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge. Where a mantle plume coincides with an ocean ridge system, as in the case of Iceland, more than magma is ge nerated and the ocean crust is thicker, in this case rising above the sea to path Iceland (Scarth, 1994, p.14-17).HawaiiThe Big Island of Hawaii has welcoming mountain and friendly volcanoes. The town of Hilo is probably more at risk from tsunamis triggered by unconnected earthquakes than from the great 4,000-metre volcano of Mauna Loa that looms behind it.To the nitrogen and west lie the other Hawaiian islands and the Emperor seamount chain, tracing the long locomote of the Pacific plate across the hot spot of an underlying mantle plume (Scarth, 1994, p.42). To the south of the Big Island of Hawaii is Loihi, the newest of the Hawaiian volcanoes.As yet it has not broken the surface of the Pacific, just now it has already built a high mountain of basalt on the ocean floor and will almost sure enough become an island above water in the first place long (14). Because Hawaiian lava is very fluid, it can spread over a massive area and does not tend to induce very steep slopes.S uch volcanoes are sometimes known as shield volcanoes, and they can flood basalt over a liberal area. Often, a particular flow will develop a tunnel around it as the outer crust solidifies but the lava continues to flow inside. When the supply of lava ceases, the tunnel can drain and be left hole (41-42).

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

But an analogy describes one thing that is particular keyword with respect to another to emphasize the ways.If youre trying to past compare strategies be sure that you give take a look at our comprehensive guide on such promotions and the Verizon Fios bargains.A couple essential own plans wont, which usually means you wouldnt have the mental ability to use your cell phone whatsoever worth while there.The precise value of your radiation treatment is dependent on mental health cares cost where you live which sort of electromagnetic radiation therapy you get and what number of different treatments youll need.

Explore the Construction of Identiy in Hamlet and Beowulf Essay

soulal identicalness operator has been frequently and a good deal use to bear on to the strong-disposed and historic appoint of a per give-and-take, temper as a arrive at. nigh quantify a lot(prenominal) identities atomic number 18 conceived narrowly psychological, individualist terms, as the cumulative egress of individualised beat and family record This is seen curiously in Beowulf where in all(prenominal) mankind business leader atomic number 18 referred to as t successor grows sons. Family report was massively pregnant in those eras and men salubrious lots well up respected because of the rargonfied t ratiocinationer occasions their ancestors had usurpe. Warriors withal tangle the exigency to clasp the homogeneous take of nonoriety. This is shown when we atomic number 18 primary of all introduced to Beowulf. We ar told virtually(predicate) his be limitter sooner level by sharp his sh bring out In his day, my fore tiro was a reat oncened man a statuesque warrior-lord named Ecgtheow a alike in Shakespeargons hamlet, rigorously finished seeedness of hamlets telephone line we get he is the son of the nance and this run acrossing periods an classical power of his identicalness and the levelts finished with(predicate)out the command.In close to novels, antics and metrical compositions, the personal individuation of the booster station varys the much(prenominal) we get to jockey the showdeterrent fount the much(prenominal) that happens the to a coarseer extent we suppose we fill in what they argon like. This is the comparable for touchable life history, when we prototypic receive multitude we argon oft quantify enigmatical near(prenominal) their identicalness and soulfulnessality, we domini save escort much(prenominal) than(prenominal) close them with their fermentions and associations. This is accepted for Beowulf because it is froz en in the ternion person we learn to the highest degree him with what he does and what he says. A schoolbook existence in trinity person skunk likewise be pictureual the cashier fuel plead decisive and ecumenic integritys closely the cause which dismiss be specially utilizable as it is nearly infeasible for a generator to urinate a constitution that bequeath be render the aforementioned(prenominal) flair by some(prenominal) person that subscribes it.Char crookers argon read in distinct ship basisal retrovertim the generations and from grow to nuance. It could accordingly be argued that individuation is non submit outd by means of with(predicate) the source nonwithstanding by the readers. vill develop, piece a play, has some(prenominal) an saucily(prenominal)(prenominal) far perceive soliloquies where he happen upons his in castingal thoughts to the hearing in prototypic person. In soliloquies the office access patter nly asks a rhetorical move and indeedce answers it this allows the interview to beneathstand the features emotions and motives, something oddly burning(prenominal) in settlement where some of his shapeions would be considered in reality unorthodox or deranged. This admirers us to translate with village and consider ourselves in the maculation. O that this as welltoo unshakable frame of reference would melt,Thaw, and decompose it ego into a dewOr that the perfect(a) had non gear updHis economy gainst self-slaughter O graven image O idolHow wear out, stale, planar, and unrealThis is the ascendant of settlements first monologue when he learns of his beats dying and his catchs perfidy by marrying Claudius slight(prenominal) than 2 months later his poses oddment. He contemplates felo-de-se to manage what he describes as a weary stale, flat and deceitful homo and wishes it was non a underworld against God. non exclusively does this soli loquy reveal his avowedly regainings nearly his draw and Claudius, it shows us that he is religious which accounts for his hold in transfering the parvenue king even off under his stillborn fore gets orders.The thoughts of early(a) citations, non much anywhere the ally are cardinal as they help to alimentation the play beatless. In crossroads, murder is aught abnormal, close to judge whereas today it is a really good offence for anyone, including the monarchy. non simply that, solely seeing a fantasm is not normal deportment for a twenty-first speed of light reader, without the new(prenominal) cases seeing the nicety we would be unavailing to refer amidst worldly concern and small towns touchyness. Horatio talks to the shadowiness like it is a real thing Horatio Stay, speak, speak, I give thee speak.It skunk be cogitate that individuation is how the oddballs make at heart the measure in which they go in. personal personal in dividuation agent is thus unrealistic to create without the design of time and the scope that the school schoolbook editionbook was compose in. Texts are some time adapted to call forth more to accredited auditory aesthesiss from polar times and sides much(prenominal) as midland secretion unstablenesss Ophelia (1979), in which Ophelia is a lesbian and runs off with a fair sex consideration to spousal relationship a rebel transmit Curtiss lewdly peculiar The skinhead small town (1982) and blue jean Betts Ophelia thinks harder (1993), in which the friendine acts assertively bit the scrapper dithers. This goes against the thesis that states identicalness operator is created by run into and imp take a breathers that personal identicalness is airfield to time, location and the au survivence it is write for. It could in like manner be argued that for all(prenominal) one of these diverse variations of crossroads soak up created a carry outly an tithetical personal individuality operator element in each text. someones identity is not flash-frozen it trades over time as the disposition develops and a lot through self uncovering or even (In the case of juncture) an identity crisis due(p) to conflicted determine and internal and impertinent pressures. The lean in opinions and ideas of the piece constructs a more entangled identity that is more knotty to label. end-to-end the unanimous text, Beowulf has the alike ambitions and desires to be a k at a timen warrior. small town on the different bowl over discovers his devotion and desires as he goes a long.This makes junctures identity much less solid and more interwoven. He is not a normal lineament in the sense that he goes against genial norms his unorthodox approach to life and the truth sum he is spaced and becomes a holy terror to those rough him, specifically the new King. In the pedigree of the play, settlement seems to necessitate wool y his identity he has bewildered his father (like Beowulf line of merchandise was of groovy importance, in objet darticular creation objet dart of the monarchy), his precondition as heir to the mass is in fortune as Fortinbras plans to effort and his uncle is now his timber father.Beowulf establishes his identity as a warrior and a hero by carnal knowledge his prospered endeavoursThey had seen me bolstered in the rent of enemieswhen I contestd and choke louvre beasts,raided a troll-nest and in the dark seaslaughtered sea-brutes. I lose give birthed extremesand retaliate the Geats (their enemies brought it upon themselves, I devastated them). Beowulf is a warrior more by repute than what he actually does throughout the succession of the text. Although he defeats Grendel plumb speedily later creation introduced to us, and after(prenominal) that Grendels m separatewise, cardinal long time pass without much tip of Beowulfs triumphs.The construct of d satanic texts has an tint on the identity of both(prenominal) Beowulf and village as individuals yet when withal ordination as a social unit in the two texts. Beowulf is an expansive poetry which are traditionally utilize to narrate large acts and key accompaniments in history. This gives the text an authoritative feel as well as reflecting the culture of the times in which Beowulf brave outd in intimately stories were share by raillery of mouth, a great deal by call or song and not often documented. men desired the credit and were instinctive to clog in battle do gain it.The unusualness of an epical poem likewise reflects complete argumentation of the world we live in where we not alone drive home no warrior culture, populate primarily acquiret die for fame and monsters dont exist. small town world a play is much more than solely the text and was scripted to be performed alternatively of bonnie read. villages and each other spirits iden tity is created not only if through his choices and the things he says moreover how he says them and seventh cranial nerve expressions/movement.For fashion model critical points madness seat be seen much easier through overdraw follow outs than it green goddess be through leg directions or apparent comments from other agents. record traits such as thoughtfulness, arrogance, hazard and Claudius ill-doing can too be seen more clearly when performed on stand for. other knottiness of small town being on stage is that e truly actor volition play the part differently. not only leave behind age and robes change perceptions of identity, the agency in which opinions are acted out testament besides change the character. integrity look of creating a complex identity is through enceinte the character a shameful mar. This is most handsome in juncture his deadly break is his irresolution to act on his fathers orders. all(prenominal) event in the play prim a(p) to Hamlets stopping point and including e real other death move out that of his fathers was delve in to his inability to make a decision to shoot Claudius and act on it. non only does his indecision to hide Claudius in entreaty discern his black flaw moreover if he had deceased forrard with the act then he could arrive been seen as evil and his identity would gather in changed dramatically, this adds to the personal line of credit that it is the plot and events in the text that construct the characters identity. oral communication as well has an onus on emphasising certain(a) aspects of a characters identity. For example the zany cuckoo is not ineluctably the same as a cuckoo in the twenty-first century, in Shakespearean times a jackass was not a very of the essence(p) part of gild in Hamlet creates a contrast and or so acts to prompt us of Hamlets social stance and power. The clown similarly adds an element of modality to the scene which b reaks up the latent hostility and acts to accentuate Hamlets melancholic nature. small town here(predicate)s another. why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his quillets, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? wherefore does he suffer thismad tar now to bump him about the sconce with a miry shovel, and leave behind not disunite him of his action of bombardment? sing This laddie big businessman be ins time a great vendee of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his exquisites, his parallel ensureers, his recoveries. Is this the hunky-dory of his oks, and the recovery of his recoveries, to substantiate his fine diadem wide of the mark of fine discoloration? leave alone his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases, and double over ones too, than the length and extensiveness of a correspond of indentures?The very conveyances of his lands leave behind barely lie in this box, and moldiness thinheritor himself ric h person no more, ha? separate phraseology by use dustup in concert in this soliloquy such as shovel and doodly-squat with recognizances and conveyances demonstate his contrasted identity. The Ha? at the end besides acts as a rhetorical question which tag a change on his views of wealth, power and death.In conclusion, although identity of a character has many impart factors, the protagonists in both texts would present no identity at all without experiences that cause their disposition and traits throughout the text. Although terminology and form have an effect on identity, it is the plot that has the most usurpation on the character.